Jupiter got smacked

the astronomy community was abuzz last week when an amateur astronomer in Brazil captured video of a  bright flash as a meteor estimated at 100 m crashed into jupiter.  At least 10 other observers independently observed the event, making it the most observed impact on jupiter to date; the eighth recorded since the first was observed in 1994.  More information can be found in this sky & telescope article

Had the meteor struck earth it would have been equivalent to 34 megatons of TNT (hiroshima was 15 kilotons).  Jupiter's massive gravity is thought to protect earth from many of these collisions.

Despite the fact that observers were not able to find any residual storms (which have been sighted after prior impacts), i decided to check out the impact site with a methane filter.  unfortunately, the Jupiter Central Meridian calculator cited in the article is now defunct and spat out the wrong data--so i completely missed the site (holy homophones).  nevertheless i got some colorful pictures of jupiter:

Jupiter 9/16/21 04:38 UTC.  RGB left, Methane center, Methane as red, GB right

Imaging details:
camera ZWO ASI 290MM with ZWO RGB filters
Baader methane 889 nm 8 nm bandwidth
celestron 11" Edge HD, no barlow
East Bluff, CA
90 second captures, 2x binning for methane
gain 351, exposure ~0.6-1.0 ms, 30% histogram, ~280 fps
methane exposure 375 ms, 2 fps

a rocket at night: falcon 9 launch 9/13/2021

visually it was a spectacular event, there was something surreal about seeing the long bright orange rocket plume slowly rising up through the trees.  it looked very...well rocket-like.  perhaps we'll be used to it in years to come.  perhaps residents closer to vandenberg are already used to it--tired of it?

 Unfortunately, my images were pretty much a bust, but here are a few salvages, the best from my cell phone:

Falcon 9 from Coastal Peak Park 9/13/2021

image details:
Samsung Galaxy Note 9
f/1.5, 1/4 sec, 4 mm

Nikon D850
Nikon Nikkor AF-S DX Telephoto Zoom 55-300mm f/4.5-5.6G ED VR
f/4.5, 2 sec, iso 5000, 55 mm

much processing in photoshop to correct star trailing due to camera shake as my remote wasn't working.  

venus mars (moon) conjunction 2021

The conjunction of venus and mars on ~7/12/21 made it to many astronomy calendars, including mine.  Planetary conjunctions are typically scenic visual events for the unaided eye.  That being said, this one was pretty unimpressive (i could not see mars), but it gave me an opportunity to practice/learn with a conventional camera.  

Here it is the day before closest approach with the moon nicely aligned (Mars is the tiny dot just above the tree on the left):

mars-venus (moon) conjunction 7/11/21 20:38 PM pacific

Close up of the red planet

Here's closest approach the next day. mars is a tiny speck just to the left and below venus, lower right:

mars-venus conjunction 7/12/21 20:33 Pacific 

Image details
nikon D850
AF-S DX NIKKOR 16-85mm F3.5-5.6G ED VR 

eastbluff, CA 7/11,12/2021

for the bottom image i captured close up videos of the moon at 2 exposures, one very bright with earthglow, the other capturing the bright detail, but no earthglow.  I made a composite of the two, preserving detail and showing earthglow, and placed it in the final image in which the moon was clipped...

...it made no difference at the scale in the image above, but it was an interesting exercise :)

rising moon refracted

i decided to image the last supermoon of this year as it rose from the beach at corona del mar:

Moon rise 6/24/21 Corona Del Mar

you'll note it's quite distorted.  as the moon is rising, the light is traveling tangentially thru a thick layer of atmosphere which causes distortion as turbulence bends (refracts) the light.  on this particular evening there was so much distortion, it was impossible to get a round looking moon as it rose.  there are basically two approaches to this problem: 1. wait for the moon to rise higher and capture a sharper image or 2. embrace the distortion.  To put it another way (as alan smallbone often writes): "One photo out of focus is a mistake, ten photos out of focus are an experimentation, one hundred photos out of focus are a style."

here's a great shot rob middleton took with me at cdm, showing off the zoom of his nikon coolpix P900 camera:

love the iconic palm tree next the gigantic deformed moon. 

Here's the other approach: an image captured as the moon rose higher.  it's a composite of a long exposure for the landscape, and a close up video stacking and processing 1,000 extremely short exposures:

more "experimentation":

Here's an animation of the rising moon.  it almost looks like it's passing thru an inversion layer:

Interestingly, when you first see the moon rising, it's actually below the horizon--the rays are bent by the atmosphere, changing the apparent position.  Here's a website explaining all sorts of related phenomena, including the green flash: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/atmos/mirage.html

This close up shows a green fringe at the top and red at the bottom, again due to atmospheric refraction:

Another gigantic moon and palm tree shot from rob:

a few test shots from the night before. had to wait for the moon to clear the cloud layer (it was still pretty super):

pastel moonrise 6/23/21

Image details

nikon D850

AF-S DX NIKKOR 16-85mm F3.5-5.6G ED VR 

6/24/21

corona del mar, CA

rob middleton's images:

nikon coolpix P900

lunar eclipse 5/26/21

with clouds forecast, i set my alarm for 4 AM and woke to see the sky clearing.  with some ambivalence i dragged myself out of bed, grabbed the camera set up in the garage and managed to catch the eclipse just as the moon cleared the clouds, watching it set again into a cloud bank.  

lunar eclipse 5/26/21 4:15 AM pacific
clearing clouds

lunar eclipse 5/26/21
composite image
cropped bright lights

partially eclipsed setting into cloud bank

Image details

nikon D850

AF-S DX NIKKOR 16-85mm F3.5-5.6G ED VR 

5/26/21 ~4 AM 

east bluff, CA

all highly cropped, probably should have used longer focal length lens as the wide star field is unimpressive with this level of light pollution

sunspot AR 2824 and the solar frenzy

The sun burst out of its minimum this weekend with a series of explosions on Saturday May 22nd, the likes of which haven't been seen in years.  While I missed the burst, I captured images of the offending spot on Sunday--my first solar images in 2 years:

AR 2824 and friends Ha 5/23/21 21:11 UTC

AR2824 Ha 5/31/21 21:21 UTC

Solar Prominences Ha 5/23/21 21:05 UTC

Something lifting off? Ha 5/23/21 21:03 UTC

artistic composite view (exclusion) Ha 5/23/21

The bursts are forecast to hit earth's magnetic field in the late hours of May 25th, potentially triggering auroras.  A big bonus for north western viewers staying up late for the lunar eclipse in the wee hours of May 26th.  

the accompanying radio bursts were so loud they drowned out a local thunderstorm (Thomas Ashcroft's radio data): 

View the dynamic spectrum

listen to the audio

While NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory recorded a series of flares:

movie

Here's a list of annual sunspot activity over 15 years from spaceweather.com, a great site for solar activity information.  showing the minima around 2019 and 2008, confirming an 11 year solar cycle that's been documented for centuries:  

Spotless Days
Current Stretch: 0 days
2021 total: 46 days (32%)
2020 total: 208 days (57%)
2019 total: 281 days (77%)
2018 total: 221 days (61%)
2017 total: 104 days (28%)
2016 total: 32 days (9%)
2015 total: 0 days (0%)
2014 total: 1 day (<1%)
2013 total: 0 days (0%)
2012 total: 0 days (0%)
2011 total: 2 days (<1%)
2010 total: 51 days (14%)
2009 total: 260 days (71%)
2008 total: 268 days (73%)
2007 total: 152 days (42%)
2006 total: 70 days (19%)
Updated 24 May 2021

Image details:
Ha full disk Lunt 60 PT double stacked
zwo ASI 290MM
FPS (avg.)=39-178
Shutter=0.331-1.78ms
Gain=351 (unity)
East Bluff, CA
5/23/21
21:05-21:11 UTC

mars wrap up

Mars is all over the recent news with a fleet of space craft arriving: 

-NASA's perseverance pulled off a crazy landing with a supersonic parachute (which just sounds cool), followed by a heat shield, then rockets, and finally a sky crane lowering the lander into the dust with the rocket hovering above. NASA video.  

-the UAE's Al'Amal (hope) is orbiting the planet and filming. 

-China's Tianwen-1 is orbiting, preparing to send down a lander.  

Perseverance is loaded with easter eggs including a binary message encoded in the parachute: "Dare Mighty Things", the motto of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and the coordinates of the JPL visitor's center: 34°11'58.0"N 118°10'31.0"W. 

More easter eggs here

You can even follow the perseverance twitter account:

"Hobbies: Photography, collecting rocks, off-roading" 😄

so here's an excuse to process the rest of my mars opposition images.  the following sequence shows the south polar cap slowly melting in the martian summer (though some of the change is due to rotation).  

Mars 2020
Click for full size

Here's a final shot at shorter focal length from the evening of the great conjunction:

Mars 12/20/2020
wave goodbye

long winded technical imaging stuff: 

the right hand image above was captured with a one shot color (OSC) camera.  an 850 nm IR filter was used to capture IR frames.  how can an IR filter work with a OSC camera?  all of the color filters pass IR (this is why you need an IR blocking filter for many OSC cameras).  so theoretically a relatively long IR filter will pass IR to all color pixels giving a mono IR image.  

unfortunately i didn't realize i needed to uncheck the color balance during acquisition, so the pass-through wasn't uniform by color: it yielded the typical checker board appearance one sees with an undebayered color image.  color conversion gave a blue tinted image.  each of the "color" images were identical, so a simple color balance gave a mono image.  perhaps it was the conditions or the filter, but the debayered IR image offered no improvement in resolution compared to the red filter.  which is not my experience with a mono camera, though i've not tested the 850 mono yet.  

***will have to try again with the white balance adjusted next season

from a practical stand point IR/OSC images probably don't add much unless there's a major dust storm interfering with surface visibility as in the 2018 opposition.  

in a prior post i noted that while using IR as luminance generally improves the contrast/sharpness of the blue surface detail, it loses subtle cloud detail.  i note an interesting corollary to that with this image: using IR in place of the red channel will enhance clouds as they appear bluish compared to the background:

Mars 11/15/2020 06:17 UTC
IR-G-B

Image details:

celestron 11" Edge HD

ZWO ASI 290MM

ZWO RGB filters, Baader IR pass "685" nm

30% histogram

firecapture, autostakkert, winjupos, maxim, photoshop

9/29/20 07:35 UTC

2x120 second captures each filter, 400 FPS

gain 351, exposure ~.2 ms, 

tried a methane filter for fun which was like a bad IR filter :(

10/11/2020 8:27 UTC

2x120 second captures each filter, 400 FPS

gain 351, exposure ~.2 ms, 

10/14/2020  07:48-08:09 UTC

very good seeing

*televue 2x barlow*

2x120 second captures each filter, 200 FPS

gain 351, exposure ~1 ms, 

elevation ~60 degrees

11/15/2020 06:17 UTC

ZWO ASI 290MC

ZWO 850 nm IR pass filter

6x120 second captures RGB, 400 FPS

gain 351, exposure ~.2 ms, 

Eastbluff

Southern California...